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AP  Human Geography

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

-Christina Garcia-

 

 

How Do Geographers Describe Where Things Are?

     Early maps were hand written so the illustrator often messed up and had to start over. They would only use them for navigation. An example of an early map would be the clay tablets from the ancient Babylonians in around 2300 BC. But with contemporary maps, computers can make 100% accurate maps with photos from cameras and satellites. These maps are used for reference and communication. An example of a contemporary map would be the map in a classroom or any other modern map.

 

        Contemporary Map                                Early Map

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

    

 

 

     Map scale and projections are important in making maps. Map scale is the factor of reduction of the world so that it fits on a map. A map needs to be proportioned and is usually represented by words or a scale bar. Maps indicate scale in three different ways. Projections are methods used to transform the three dimensional earth into two dimensional maps. There are mathematical formulas to translate latitude and longitude to coordinates on a plane. There are issues that exist in making maps. Sometimes the mapmakers don't think enough about their data or sometimes they confuse people by deciding to break up the data into classes. Here is an example:

     Longitude and latitude are

used to locate points on the

Earth's surface. Spheres are

360 degrees so there's a grid

with lines called longitude

and latitude. Latitude is a

vertical line that indicates

the north and south. The

Equator is the line of latitude.

Longitude is a horizontal line that indicates the east and west. The Prime Meridian is the line of longtitude. You can locate places on Earth by finding the coordinates; latitude and longitude.

     To locate points on Earth, you can use contemporary analytical tools, including remote sensing, GPS, GIS, and GIScience. Remote sensing is when a satellite or aircraft scans the Earth to get information about it. GPS is a global positioning system formed by 24 satellites. GIS is a geographic information system and GIScience stands for geographic information science.

Why Are Different Places Similar?

     Changes are being made in the economy at a global scale. For example, some vehicles use parts from other countries. The economy can also change at a local scale. An example of an economic change in Los Banos would be the unemployment rate. More and more people are becoming unemployed. Changes are also being made in culture. Some even mix cultures like how border towns and southern cities in the US, have signs in both English and Spanish. That's a local scale change. A global scale change in culture would be how sushi, a Japanese dish, is becoming popular all over the world.

     The three properties of distribution across space are density, concentration, and pattern. Density is how often something occurs in a given area. To calculate density, divide the amount of objects by the measurement of the place. Concentration refers to the extent of a phenomenom over the given area.  They may seem the same, but concentration is different from density.  Pattern is the relationship of how objects are organized in the space they're in and occur in certain distributions.

 

                Pattern                                                    Density

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

                                          Concentration

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

     Geographers approach different aspects of cultural identity including gender, ethnicity, and sexuality. They all play an important role in geography. Gender is important because it is known that females have a larger scale pattern than males. This is because women have more responsibilites like dropping off kids, walking the dog, groceries, etc. It becomes even larger if the female goes to work. Ethnicity is also important to geography because people prefer to live in a place of their own race. Same goes to sexuality. Most people like to live in a place where all people have the same sexual views.

     Characteristics can spread across space over time through diffusion. They can spread through contagious or hierarchical diffusion. Contagious diffusion is when characteristics spread rapidly to all the places around it. An example would be when Hinduism started in northern India, but then spread through all of India. In hierarchical diffusion, characteristics spread in a pattern. An example of hierarchical diffusion is if a fashion trend started, it didn't spread to all of the surrounding places. But it did spread to some surrounding cities.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

     Places are connected through networks. Networks are routes within a system of locations. These systems transport people and supplies and it keeps places connected. Inequality hinders these connections because the people being treated unfairly will not want to cooperate with the better treated people. If people don't want to talk to each other then they loose connection. 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

    

        

Why Is Each Point On Earth Unique?

    Geographers identify geographic characteristics of places including toponym, site, and situation. A toponym is a name that a place is known as. Toponyms are important because they show the history of the people. Settlers name the places and they name them according to what they already know; names from where they came from. A site is the location of a settlement. It's important to know the site of a place because of its factors. Some of a site's factors are landforms, climate, vegetation, availability of water, soil quality, minerals, and wildlife. A situation is the location and surroundings of a place. Some factors of situation are the extent of connections with other places and how close it is to important raw materials. All of these, toponym, site, and situation, are important geographic characteristics.

     There are three types of regions called formal, functional, and vernacular regions. A formal region is an area were certain characteristics are found. An example of a formal region would be the Rocky Mountains.

A functional region is a                                                           

central place where the                                                       

surrounding places are

affected by it. An

example would be the

delivery routes of the

mail carrier. A

vernacular region is

defined by people's

feelings and

perpections. New

England would be an

example of a vernacular

region.

      There is more than one

definition of culture in

geography. One of them is

the way of life that

characterizes a group of

people. This definition is

common and the one that

most people know.

Another definition for culture can be patterns of behavior of a population or society. If people live together in the same community, most of them will have similar behavior and beliefs. Some factors of culture are language, music, dance, and clothes.

     All cities have a site and situation. The site of Los Banos is the Central Valley in the Merced County. The Central Valley gets its water (one the site's factors) from Lake Shasta in northern California. Situation depends on a place's surrounding features. Los Banos is situated near the State Route 152 and Interstate 5 and is surrounded by the San Joaquin Valley.

Rocky

Mountains

Mail Carrier

Route

New England

Why Are Some Human Actions Not Sustainable?

     The three pillars of sustainablility are the economic, social, and environmental pillars. If one pillar is weaker, then the system is unsustainable. The social pillar balances the needs of an individual and a group. The economic pillar promotes the use of resources to their advantage in an effective way that provides benefits and profitability. The environmental pillar is when activities or systems reduce the environmental impact of an organization, product, or operation.

 

                            The 3 Pillars Of Sustainability

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

     The three abiotic physical systems are atmosphere, hydrosphere, and lithosphere. The atmosphere is a thin layer of gases that surround the Earth. The hydrosphere is all the water on or near the surface of the Earth. The lithosphere is Earth's crust and the upper mantle under the crust. Some examples of abiotic factors are water, air, soil, sunlight, and minerals.  Those are the three abiotic physical systems.

     The biosphere is also a physical system but it's biotic. It's all the living or once-living organisms on Earth. The biosphere interacts with the three abiotic physical systems because of ecosystems. Living things have to adapt to the hydrosphere near them. They also need the atmosphere and lithosphere to survive.

 

                              The Abiotic An Biotic Systems

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

     

 

 

     The ecosystems in the Netherlands are different than the ones in southern Louisiana. The most important ecosystems in the Netherlands are the wetlands, the dunes, the tidal region and the coastal zone. In southern Louisiana the most important ecosystem is the wetlends. Both places have wetlands, but their biospheres are different. The Netherland wetlands are home to many types of water birds including stilt-walkers, ducks, geese, and swans. The wetlands in southern Louisiana have a diversity of different animals like great blue herons, great egrets, osprey, alligators, coyotes, foxes, and many other species.

 

 

 

 

     Louisiana Wetlands                       Netherland Wetlands

 

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